LONDON, LONDINIUM AND THE SWINGING CITY:

 

                

                London was the world's largest city from c.1831 to 1925, with a population density of 325 people per hectare. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising holdup led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion within the capital and a few of the encompassing counties; it absolutely was abolished in 1889 when the London organization was created out of these areas of the counties surrounding the capital.

London was bombed by the Germans during the primary warfare, and through the Second warfare, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across town.

   

 

Immediately after the War, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the first Wembley Stadium, at a time when London was still recovering from the war. From the 1940s onwards, London became home to several immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries like Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, making London one among the foremost diverse cities worldwide. In 1951, the Festival of England was survived the South Bank. the nice Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea soup fogs" that London had been notorious.

Primarily starting within the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide generation, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture related to the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to require into consideration the expansion of the populated area and a replacement national capital Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for 2 decades, starting with the criminal court bombing in 1973. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.

   

 

Greater London's population declined steadily within the decades after the Second warfare, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million within the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming attention for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a serious international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed within the 1980s to shield London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

The national capital Council was abolished in 1986, which left London without a central administration until 2000 when London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the national capital Authority. To celebrate the beginning of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the primary city to stage the Olympic Games thrice. On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in an exceedingly series of terrorist attacks.

   

 

In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and port as Nylonkong, hailing it because the world's three most influential global cities. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the best level since 1939. During the Brexit referendum in 2016, the united kingdom as an entire decided to go away the eu Union, but a majority of London constituencies voted to stay within the EU.

    

 

London is that the capital and largest city of England and therefore the uk. Standing on the Thames within the south-east of England, at the top of its 80 km estuary resulting in the North Sea, London has been a serious settlement for 2 millennia. Londinium was founded by the Romans. town of London, London's ancient core − a part of just 2.9 km² and colloquially referred to as the area unit − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits. town of Westminster is additionally an Inner London borough holding city status. London is governed by the Mayor of London and therefore the London Assembly.

   

 

London is taken into account to be one in every of the world's most significant global cities and has been called the world's most powerful, most desirable, most influential, most visited, most costly, sustainable, most investment-friendly, and most-popular-for-work city. London exerts a substantial impact upon the humanities, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transportation. London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance. it's one in every of the most important financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP. it's the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic. it's the leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than the other city. London's universities form the most important concentration of upper education institutes in Europe, and London is home to highly ranked institutions like Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and therefore the comprehensive University College London and King's College London. In 2012, London became the primary city to own hosted three modern Summer Olympic Games.

   

 

London features a diverse range of individuals and cultures, and over 300 languages are spoken within the region. Its estimated mid-2018 municipal population, adore capital of the United Kingdom was 8,908,081, the third most populous of any city in Europe and accounts for 13.4% of the united kingdom population. London's populated area is that the third most populous in Europe, after Moscow and Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The London commuter belt is that the most populous in Europe with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. before the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the ecu Union on 31 January 2020, London was the biggest city within the international organisation.

     

 

London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the positioning comprising the Palace of Westminster, minster, and St Margaret's Church; and therefore the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich time unit. Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, public square and therefore the Shard. London has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. These include a people Museum, National Gallery, explanation Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres. The London Underground is that the oldest Underground Railway network within the world.